CentOS Web服务器域名绑定与虚拟主机配置指南

一、准备工作

1. 环境确认

   • 已安装CentOS 7/8
   • 已安装Apache/Nginx（根据需求选择）
   • 具有root或sudo权限

2. 必要软件安装

   # Apache
   sudo yum install httpd
   
   # Nginx (EPEL仓库)
   sudo yum install epel-release
   sudo yum install nginx
   

二、Apache配置虚拟主机

1. 基本配置步骤

1. 创建网站目录

   sudo mkdir -p /var/www/example.com/public_html
   sudo chown -R apache:apache /var/www/example.com/public_html
   sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www
   

2. 创建虚拟主机配置文件

   sudo vi /etc/httpd/conf.d/example.com.conf
   

3. 配置文件内容示例

   <VirtualHost *:80>
      ServerAdmin admin@example.com
      ServerName example.com
      ServerAlias www.example.com
      DocumentRoot /var/www/example.com/public_html
      ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/example.com-error.log
      CustomLog /var/log/httpd/example.com-access.log combined
   
      <Directory /var/www/example.com/public_html>
          Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
          AllowOverride All
          Require all granted
      </Directory>
   </VirtualHost>
   

2. 高级技巧

1. 多域名指向同一站点

   ServerAlias www.example.com example.net www.example.net
   

2. 基于IP的虚拟主机

   <VirtualHost 192.168.1.1:80>
      # 配置内容
   </VirtualHost>
   

3. HTTPS配置

   <VirtualHost *:443>
      ServerName example.com
      SSLEngine on
      SSLCertificateFile /path/to/cert.pem
      SSLCertificateKeyFile /path/to/key.pem
      SSLCertificateChainFile /path/to/chain.pem
      # 其他配置
   </VirtualHost>
   

三、Nginx配置虚拟主机

1. 基本配置步骤

1. 创建网站目录

   sudo mkdir -p /var/www/example.com/html
   sudo chown -R nginx:nginx /var/www/example.com/html
   sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www
   

2. 创建虚拟主机配置文件

   sudo vi /etc/nginx/conf.d/example.com.conf
   

3. 配置文件内容示例

   server {
      listen 80;
      server_name example.com www.example.com;
   
      root /var/www/example.com/html;
      index index.html index.htm;
   
      access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log;
      error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log;
   
      location / {
          try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
      }
   }
   

2. 高级技巧

1. 负载均衡配置

   upstream backend {
      server backend1.example.com;
      server backend2.example.com;
   }
   
   server {
      location / {
          proxy_pass http://backend;
      }
   }
   

2. HTTP重定向到HTTPS

   server {
      listen 80;
      server_name example.com www.example.com;
      return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
   }
   

3. Gzip压缩

   gzip on;
   gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
   

四、DNS配置与测试

1. DNS记录设置

   • A记录将域名指向服务器IP
   • 可选CNAME设置www别名

2. 本地hosts测试

   sudo vi /etc/hosts
   # 添加
   192.168.1.1 example.com www.example.com
   

3. 配置检查

   # Apache
   sudo apachectl configtest
   
   # Nginx
   sudo nginx -t
   

五、常见问题解决

1. 403 Forbidden错误

   • 检查目录权限
   • 确认SELinux状态或设置正确上下文 bash sudo chcon -R -t httpd_sys_content_t /var/www/example.com

2. 域名无法解析

   • 检查DNS设置
   • 使用dig example.com或nslookup example.com测试

3. 端口冲突

   • 检查端口占用情况 bash sudo netstat -tulnp | grep :80

4. 日志分析

   • 实时查看访问日志 bash sudo tail -f /var/log/httpd/example.com-access.log

六、性能优化建议

1. 启用缓存

   • Apache: mod_expires
   • Nginx: proxy_cache

2. 启用HTTP/2

   • 需要HTTPS支持

3. 资源压缩

   • 启用gzip/brotli压缩

4. 连接优化

   • 调整KeepAlive设置
   • 优化worker进程数

按照以上步骤配置完成后，重启相应服务即可生效：

# Apache
sudo systemctl restart httpd

# Nginx
sudo systemctl restart nginx

记得设置服务开机自启：

sudo systemctl enable httpd
# 或
sudo systemctl enable nginx