Linux LNMP 环境搭建步骤

LNMP 代表 Linux + Nginx + MySQL/MariaDB + PHP，是一种常见的 Web 服务器环境组合。以下是详细的搭建步骤：

1. 系统准备

# 更新系统软件包
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y  # Ubuntu/Debian
sudo yum update -y                     # CentOS/RHEL

# 安装常用工具
sudo apt install -y wget curl git unzip  # Ubuntu/Debian
sudo yum install -y wget curl git unzip  # CentOS/RHEL

2. 安装 Nginx

Ubuntu/Debian:

sudo apt install -y nginx
sudo systemctl start nginx
sudo systemctl enable nginx

CentOS/RHEL:

sudo yum install -y epel-release
sudo yum install -y nginx
sudo systemctl start nginx
sudo systemctl enable nginx

验证安装：

curl -I 127.0.0.1

3. 安装 MySQL/MariaDB

Ubuntu/Debian:

sudo apt install -y mysql-server
sudo mysql_secure_installation
sudo systemctl start mysql
sudo systemctl enable mysql

CentOS/RHEL:

sudo yum install -y mariadb-server mariadb
sudo systemctl start mariadb
sudo systemctl enable mariadb
sudo mysql_secure_installation

4. 安装 PHP

Ubuntu/Debian (以 PHP 7.4 为例):

sudo apt install -y software-properties-common
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php
sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y php7.4 php7.4-fpm php7.4-mysql php7.4-curl php7.4-gd php7.4-mbstring php7.4-xml php7.4-zip

CentOS/RHEL:

sudo yum install -y epel-release yum-utils
sudo yum install -y http://rpms.remirepo.net/enterprise/remi-release-7.rpm
sudo yum-config-manager --enable remi-php74
sudo yum install -y php php-fpm php-mysqlnd php-curl php-gd php-mbstring php-xml php-zip

配置 PHP-FPM:

sudo systemctl start php-fpm
sudo systemctl enable php-fpm

5. 配置 Nginx 支持 PHP

编辑 Nginx 默认配置文件：

sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/default  # Ubuntu/Debian
sudo nano /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf     # CentOS/RHEL

添加或修改 server 块：

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name your_domain_or_ip;

    root /var/www/html;
    index index.php index.html index.htm;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }

    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;  # Ubuntu/Debian
        # include fastcgi_params;           # CentOS/RHEL
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.4-fpm.sock;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
    }
}

测试并重启 Nginx：

sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl restart nginx

6. 测试 PHP

创建测试文件：

sudo nano /var/www/html/info.php

添加内容：

<?php phpinfo(); ?>

访问 http://your_server_ip/info.php 查看 PHP 信息页面。

7. 可选组件安装

安装 phpMyAdmin (可选)

sudo apt install -y phpmyadmin  # Ubuntu/Debian
sudo yum install -y phpmyadmin  # CentOS/RHEL

安装 Redis (可选)

sudo apt install -y redis-server php-redis  # Ubuntu/Debian
sudo yum install -y redis php-pecl-redis    # CentOS/RHEL

8. 安全设置

# 调整文件权限
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html  # Ubuntu/Debian
sudo chown -R nginx:nginx /var/www/html       # CentOS/RHEL
sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/html

# 配置防火墙
sudo ufw allow 'Nginx Full'  # Ubuntu/Debian
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http --add-service=https  # CentOS/RHEL
sudo firewall-cmd --reload

完成

现在你已经成功搭建了 LNMP 环境，可以开始部署你的 Web 应用了！