Linux系统监控设置指南

基础监控工具

1. 使用top/htop

# 安装htop
sudo apt install htop  # Debian/Ubuntu
sudo yum install htop  # CentOS/RHEL

# 使用
htop

2. 使用vmstat

vmstat 1  # 每秒刷新一次系统状态

3. 使用iostat

# 安装sysstat包
sudo apt install sysstat  # Debian/Ubuntu
sudo yum install sysstat  # CentOS/RHEL

# 使用
iostat -x 1

高级监控解决方案

1. Prometheus + Grafana

# 安装Prometheus
wget https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/releases/download/v2.30.3/prometheus-2.30.3.linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar xvfz prometheus-*.tar.gz
cd prometheus-*

# 配置prometheus.yml后运行
./prometheus --config.file=prometheus.yml

# 安装Grafana
sudo apt-get install -y adduser libfontconfig1
wget https://dl.grafana.com/oss/release/grafana_8.1.5_amd64.deb
sudo dpkg -i grafana_8.1.5_amd64.deb
sudo systemctl start grafana-server

2. Netdata

# 一键安装
bash <(curl -Ss https://my-netdata.io/kickstart.sh)

# 访问
http://your-server-ip:19999

3. Zabbix

# Ubuntu安装
sudo apt install zabbix-server-mysql zabbix-frontend-php zabbix-apache-conf zabbix-agent

# CentOS安装
sudo yum install zabbix-server-mysql zabbix-web-mysql zabbix-agent

日志监控

1. 使用logwatch

sudo apt install logwatch  # Debian/Ubuntu
sudo yum install logwatch  # CentOS/RHEL

# 配置
sudo nano /usr/share/logwatch/default.conf/logwatch.conf

2. ELK Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana)

# 安装Java
sudo apt install openjdk-11-jdk

# 安装Elasticsearch
wget https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-7.14.1-amd64.deb
sudo dpkg -i elasticsearch-7.14.1-amd64.deb

# 安装Kibana
wget https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/kibana/kibana-7.14.1-amd64.deb
sudo dpkg -i kibana-7.14.1-amd64.deb

自定义监控脚本

示例：磁盘空间监控脚本

#!/bin/bash

THRESHOLD=90
CURRENT=$(df / | grep / | awk '{ print $5}' | sed 's/%//g')

if [ "$CURRENT" -gt "$THRESHOLD" ] ; then
    mail -s 'Disk Space Alert' admin@example.com << EOF
Your root partition remaining free space is critically low. Used: $CURRENT%
EOF
fi

设置定时监控任务

# 编辑crontab
crontab -e

# 添加以下行每小时检查一次
0 * * * * /path/to/your/monitoring/script.sh

网络监控

使用nmon

sudo apt install nmon  # Debian/Ubuntu
sudo yum install nmon  # CentOS/RHEL

# 使用
nmon

使用iftop

sudo apt install iftop  # Debian/Ubuntu
sudo yum install iftop  # CentOS/RHEL

# 使用
sudo iftop

选择哪种监控方案取决于您的具体需求，从简单的命令行工具到全面的企业级监控系统都有多种选择。