Linux系统配置指南：边缘计算与智能设备开发

系统选择与基础配置

推荐Linux发行版

1. Ubuntu LTS (20.04/22.04) - 长期支持版本，社区支持完善
2. Yocto Project - 为嵌入式设备量身定制
3. Raspberry Pi OS - 树莓派设备专用
4. Fedora IoT - 专为物联网优化的版本

基础系统配置

# 更新系统
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

# 安装基础开发工具
sudo apt install -y build-essential git cmake

# 安装内核头文件(用于驱动开发)
sudo apt install -y linux-headers-$(uname -r)

# 优化交换空间(针对资源受限设备)
sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10
echo "vm.swappiness=10" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf

边缘计算环境配置

容器化支持

# 安装Docker
sudo apt install -y docker.io
sudo systemctl enable --now docker

# 安装Docker Compose
sudo apt install -y docker-compose

# 添加用户到docker组(避免sudo)
sudo usermod -aG docker $USER

# 安装K3s轻量级Kubernetes(可选)
curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | sh -

边缘计算框架

# 安装KubeEdge
curl -sL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubeedge/kubeedge/master/build/tools/install.sh | bash

# 安装EdgeX Foundry
docker-compose -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/edgexfoundry/developer-scripts/master/releases/edgex-compose/2.2.0/edgex-compose.yml up -d

# 安装Apache OpenWhisk(无服务器计算)
git clone https://github.com/apache/openwhisk-deploy-kube.git
cd openwhisk-deploy-kube && ./helm-install.sh

智能设备开发环境

硬件接口支持

# 安装GPIO工具(树莓派等设备)
sudo apt install -y wiringpi python3-gpiozero

# 安装I2C工具
sudo apt install -y i2c-tools libi2c-dev

# 安装串口工具
sudo apt install -y minicom screen

# 安装USB设备工具
sudo apt install -y usbutils

机器学习框架

# 安装TensorFlow Lite
pip3 install tflite-runtime

# 安装PyTorch Mobile
pip3 install torch torchvision --extra-index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu

# 安装ONNX Runtime
pip3 install onnxruntime

# 安装OpenCV(计算机视觉)
sudo apt install -y python3-opencv

边缘AI优化工具

# 安装TVM(模型优化)
pip3 install tvm

# 安装TensorRT(需要NVIDIA GPU)
sudo apt install -y tensorrt

# 安装OpenVINO工具包
wget https://apt.repos.intel.com/intel-gpg-keys/GPG-PUB-KEY-INTEL-SW-PRODUCTS.PUB
sudo apt-key add GPG-PUB-KEY-INTEL-SW-PRODUCTS.PUB
echo "deb https://apt.repos.intel.com/openvino/2022 ubuntu20 main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/intel-openvino-2022.list
sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y openvino

网络与安全配置

网络优化

# 安装MQTT broker(Mosquitto)
sudo apt install -y mosquitto mosquitto-clients

# 安装CoAP工具
sudo apt install -y libcoap2-bin

# 优化TCP/IP参数
echo "net.core.rmem_max=4194304" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "net.core.wmem_max=4194304" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
sudo sysctl -p

安全配置

# 安装基础安全工具
sudo apt install -y fail2ban ufw

# 配置防火墙
sudo ufw allow 22
sudo ufw allow 1883  # MQTT
sudo ufw enable

# 禁用不必要的服务
sudo systemctl disable bluetooth.service
sudo systemctl disable avahi-daemon.service

# 配置自动安全更新
sudo apt install -y unattended-upgrades
sudo dpkg-reconfigure -plow unattended-upgrades

监控与维护

系统监控

# 安装基础监控工具
sudo apt install -y htop iotop iftop nmon

# 安装Prometheus Node Exporter
wget https://github.com/prometheus/node_exporter/releases/download/v1.3.1/node_exporter-1.3.1.linux-arm64.tar.gz
tar xvfz node_exporter-*.tar.gz
sudo mv node_exporter-*/node_exporter /usr/local/bin/
sudo useradd -rs /bin/false node_exporter
sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/node_exporter.service <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=Node Exporter
After=network.target

[Service]
User=node_exporter
Group=node_exporter
Type=simple
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/node_exporter

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable --now node_exporter

日志管理

# 安装日志轮转工具
sudo apt install -y logrotate

# 配置系统日志
sudo tee /etc/logrotate.d/edge_logs <<EOF
/var/log/edge/*.log {
    daily
    missingok
    rotate 7
    compress
    delaycompress
    notifempty
    create 0640 root adm
}
EOF

开发工具与环境

IDE与编辑器

# 安装VS Code
wget -qO- https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | gpg --dearmor > packages.microsoft.gpg
sudo install -o root -g root -m 644 packages.microsoft.gpg /usr/share/keyrings/
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb [arch=amd64,arm64,armhf signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/packages.microsoft.gpg] https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/code stable main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vscode.list'
sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y code

# 安装PlatformIO(嵌入式开发)
pip3 install platformio

# 安装Eclipse IoT版
wget https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/download.php?file=/technology/epp/downloads/release/2022-09/R/eclipse-iot-2022-09-R-linux-gtk-aarch64.tar.gz
tar -xzf eclipse-iot-*.tar.gz
sudo mv eclipse /opt/

性能优化技巧

针对资源受限设备

# 禁用图形界面(如果不需要)
sudo systemctl set-default multi-user.target

# 使用zram替代swap
sudo apt install -y zram-config

# 优化内存使用
echo "vm.dirty_background_ratio = 5" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "vm.dirty_ratio = 10" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
sudo sysctl -p

# 使用lightdm替代gdm3(如果保留图形界面)
sudo apt install -y lightdm

启动优化

# 分析启动时间
sudo apt install -y bootchart pybootchartgui

# 禁用不必要的启动服务
sudo systemctl disable NetworkManager-wait-online.service
sudo systemctl mask systemd-udev-settle.service

通过以上配置，您的Linux系统将能够高效支持边缘计算场景和智能设备开发需求。根据具体硬件平台和应用场景，可能还需要进行额外的驱动安装和特定优化。