Nginx配置访问图片路径及HTML静态页面调取方法

基本静态资源服务配置

1. 图片文件访问配置

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;

    # 图片路径配置
    location /images/ {
        root /var/www/static;
        # 启用目录列表(可选)
        # autoindex on;

        # 设置缓存头
        expires 30d;
        access_log off;

        # 防止目录遍历
        location ~ \.\. {
            deny all;
            return 403;
        }
    }
}

2. HTML静态页面配置

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;

    # HTML静态页面配置
    location / {
        root /var/www/html;
        index index.html index.htm;

        # 启用try_files，优先匹配存在的文件
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

高级配置选项

1. 多目录静态资源整合

server {
    location /static/ {
        alias /path/to/static/files/;
        expires max;
        add_header Cache-Control public;
    }

    location /uploads/ {
        alias /path/to/uploaded/files/;
        # 上传目录通常不缓存
        expires off;
    }
}

2. 性能优化配置

# 在http块中添加
http {
    # 开启sendfile
    sendfile on;

    # 优化TCP数据包发送
    tcp_nopush on;

    # 保持连接超时时间
    keepalive_timeout 65;

    # 开启gzip压缩
    gzip on;
    gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;

    # 静态资源缓存
    open_file_cache max=1000 inactive=20s;
    open_file_cache_valid 30s;
    open_file_cache_min_uses 2;
    open_file_cache_errors on;
}

3. 安全相关配置

location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js)$ {
    # 防止热链接
    valid_referers none blocked example.com *.example.com;
    if ($invalid_referer) {
        return 403;
    }

    # 禁止执行PHP等脚本
    location ~ \.php$ {
        deny all;
    }
}

完整示例配置

user www-data;
worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;

events {
    worker_connections 1024;
}

http {
    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;

    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;

    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    types_hash_max_size 2048;

    gzip on;
    gzip_disable "msie6";
    gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;

    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name example.com;
        root /var/www/html;
        index index.html;

        location / {
            try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
        }

        location /images/ {
            alias /var/www/images/;
            expires 30d;
            access_log off;

            # 图片防盗链
            valid_referers none blocked example.com *.example.com;
            if ($invalid_referer) {
                return 403;
            }
        }

        location /static/ {
            alias /var/www/static/;
            expires max;
            add_header Cache-Control public;
        }

        # 禁止访问隐藏文件
        location ~ /\. {
            deny all;
        }
    }
}

常见问题解决

1. 403 Forbidden错误

   • 检查目录权限：chmod -R 755 /path/to/directory
   • 检查文件所有者：chown -R www-data:www-data /path/to/directory
   • 确保nginx配置中的root或alias路径正确

2. 404 Not Found错误

   • 检查文件是否存在于指定路径
   • 确认使用的是root还是alias指令
     • root会拼接location路径
     • alias会替换location路径

3. 性能优化建议

   • 启用sendfile和tcp_nopush
   • 为静态资源设置适当的缓存头
   • 使用gzip压缩文本资源
   • 考虑使用HTTP/2协议

4. 路径匹配优先级

   • Nginx按以下顺序匹配location：
     1. 精确匹配 location = /path
     2. 前缀匹配 location ^~ /path
     3. 正则匹配 location ~ \.php$
     4. 普通前缀匹配 location /

通过以上配置，您可以高效地提供静态资源服务，同时确保安全性和性能优化。